Max G. Manwaring

A Contemporary Challenge to State Sovereignty: Gangs and Other Illicit Transnational Criminal Organizations in Central America, El Salvador, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil Max G. Manwaring

In this monograph, Dr. Max Manwaring builds on his 2005 Ssi monograph, Street Gangs: The New Urban Insurgency, and illustrates gang and Transnational Criminal Organization (Tco) linkage to instability and its aftermath. He explains that gang-generated instability leads to threats to national, regional, and global security, nation-state sovereignty, failing and failed states, and a "clash of civilizations." Thus, whether a gang or another Tco is specifically a criminal or an insurgent type organization is irrelevant. The putative objective of all these illegal nonstate entities